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The 1950s in Hong Kong began against the chaotic backdrop of the resumption of British sovereignty after the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong ended in 1945, and the renewal of the Nationalist-Communist Civil War in mainland China. It prompted a large influx of refugees from the mainland, causing a huge population surge: from 1945 to 1951, the population grew from 600,000 to 2.1 million. The government struggled to accommodate these immigrants. Unrest in China also prompted businesses to relocate their assets and capital from Shanghai to Hong Kong. Together with the cheap labour of the immigrants, the seeds of Hong Kong’s economic miracle in the second half of the 20th century were sown.

Contents

1 Background
2 Demographics
2.1 Population
2.2 Rising buildings
3 Culture
3.1 Lifestyle
3.2 Education
3.3 Entertainment
3.4 Law and order
4 Economy
4.1 Transportation
4.2 Industrial
4.3 Hospital and hospitality
4.4 Finance
5 References

Background
Causeway Bay 1955

As the Communists drew near to a victory in early 1949, there were fears that Hong Kong was going to be invaded by the Communists. The British Government was determined to keep Hong Kong as a capitalist outpost within a communist sphere of influence, though the memories of the Berlin Blockade and the perceived antagonism of communist governments was still fresh in their mind. The garrison was reinforced and plans of emergency evacuation to Australia were made. However, the People’s Liberation Army were ordered to stop advancing at the Shenzhen-Hong Kong border and Hong Kong remained a British colony.

Hong Kong was a valuable trade centre at the mouth of China and hoped that by retaining this connection doing business with the new government in Beijing would be easier. To give up Hong Kong to the Communists without a fight would be seen as a national weakness in the face of the growing communist threat in Europe and Asia, especially the Emergency in Malaya. Debates did take place during the 1950s at the British Parliament in Westminster in which it was discussed that Hong Kong would have to be handed back to China if the colony’s entrepôt trade could not be maintained.[1] The people were outraged at any suggestion of this, so the Government of Hong Kong became committed to turning Hong Kong into a manufacturing centre.
Demographics
Coat of Arms of Hong Kong (1959-1997), officially adopted in late January 1959
Population

The 1950s began with a large number of impoverished people without jobs and natural resources. The problem was further compounded with a flood of refugees from mainland China[2] who were able to cross due to the lack of border controls until June 1951. The People’s Republic of China was established in 1949 under a reorganised Communist Party. As many as 100,000 people fled to Hong Kong each month under the new regime, many of whom were rich farmers and capitalists who brought with them management experience, though even more were criminals who established the influential triad society in Hong Kong. By the mid-1950s, Hong Kong had increased its population to a staggering 2.2 communialmillion. By 1956, Hong Kong’s population density became one of the highest in the world.[3]
Rising buildings

In 1953, the Shek Kip Mei fire left 53,000 homeless. This prompted major change: Sir Alexander Grantham, the 22nd Governor of Hong Kong, drew up an emergency housing programme that introduced the ‘multi-storey building’ as a common building form. His structures were capable of housing 2,500 people in a fire/flood-proof structure. The idea was to house as many and as fast as possible to deal with the homeless shelter crisis. Every floor in the building incommunal room, washroom, and toilet facility. Each person was granted 24 square metres of space.[4] The high rise buildings would become the norm, as skyscrapers have a small footprint compared to their overall volume.
Culture
Cantonese Opera
Lifestyle

At the end of the Japanese occupation, the Government of Hong Kong held a monopoly on the purchase and distribution of food and raw materials including rice and cotton yarn. Price controls by the Government were not eliminated until 1953. The period can best be summarised by low resources and an endless increase in population. Many mainlanders would cross the border to Hong Kong and establish illegal huts on rooftops and edge of mountains.[5] The integration of different groups from China and original tenants of Hong Kong would also create a society in which everyone had to wrestle with the overwhelming number of language dialects.
Education

Those who were born in Hong Kong were provided with education and housing by the government. The first group of refugees were only granted temporary asylums since the government believed they would return to the mainland. An estimated 9% of the government’s expense were spent on education and health care.[6] The curriculum made it crucial that students did not feel associated with Hong Kong or China in any national sense. It emphasised that they were the middleman for the Sino-British trade relationships.[5]

An internal government paper in the period indicated about 34 schools in the urban area were actually classified as controlled by the Communists, including 24 in the New Territories. Another 32 schools by leftist elements such as staff and teachers. A new ordinance was passed in 1952 to allow any director of education to shut down a school believed to be controlled by political indoctrination.[7] The refugees mostly sought their education and social services from Christian churches. Actions were taken at the Heung Tao Middle School and Nanfang College.[8]
Entertainment

One of the main forms of entertainment in the 1950s was Cantonese Opera. Shaw Brothers Studio would also produce some of the first groups of martial art films. Their notable sword fighting style would be emulated on many movies and TV dramas for years to come.
Law and order

The Hong Kong 1956 riots was one of the first full-scale riots in the territory. It awoke the Government to the dangers of low wages, long working hours, and overcrowded conditions.[4] Tighter law control would diminish the triads in the period. Most of the social problems in the 1950s dealt with Nationalist and Communist factions on Hong Kong soil. The British Government in Whitehall, London, feared the Communists would promote anti-British sentiments in the colony. Thus, the Colonial Office in Whitehall encouraged the Government of Hong Kong to follow anti-Communist policies within the colony.
Economy
Royal Observatory, Hong Kong, in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, in 1950
Transportation

Hong Kong Taxi service was founded in 1947 with just a mere 329 cars. By the end of the decade in 1959, it had expanded to 851 cars.[9] The service became more popular since it does not require passengers to follow a particular bus route.
Industrial

In 1953, two land reclamation projects added 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) to Hong Kong. The first project would specifically add runway space to the Kai Tak Airport. Additional land would turn Kwun Tong and Tsuen Wan into industrial towns.[6] The early industrial centres churned out anything that could be produced in a small space, like buttons, artificial flowers, umbrellas, textiles, enamelware, footwear and plastics.
Hospital and hospitality

The handling of the refugees required the collaboration of numerous services and programs. The British Red Cross would set up their first branch in Hong Kong on 12 July 1950 as the Hong Kong Red Cross. They started in the Lai Chi Kok Hospital and began the Patient Concern Service. Blood donation also began in 1952 with 483 people donating in the first year. A Disaster Relief service was established in 1953 mostly to deal with the Shek Kip Mei fire.[10] The Hong Kong Tourism Association was established in 1957.
Finance

The banks at the time were not regulated by the Government. There were no central banks or monetary policies. The Governor did not want to regulate the Hong Kong Stock Exchange even though it had become a serious problem in financing the fast-growing economy at the time. Manufacturers constantly complained about the shortage of investments.[6] Pressure was coming from within and outside Hong Kong to get the policies fixed.
References

Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong – Volume Three. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 5. ISBN Volume Three 962-7283-61-4
Walters, Alan Arthur. Walter, James. Hanke, Steve. [1998] (1998). The Revolution in Development Economics. Cato Institute Publishing. ISBN 978-1-882577-55-2
Chan, Shun-hing. Leung, Beatrice. [2003] (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950-2000. Hong Kong: HK University Press. Page 24. ISBN 962-209-612-3
Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong – Volume Three. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 7. ISBN Volume Three 962-7283-61-4
Ma, Eric Kit-wai. Ma, Chieh-Wei. [1999] (1999). Culture, Politics, and Television in Hong Kong. United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-17998-X
Schenk, Catherine Ruth. [2001] (2001). Hong Kong as an International Financial Centre: Emergence and Development, 1945-1965. United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-20583-2
Chan, Shun-hing. Leung, Beatrice. [2003] (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950-2000. Hong Kong: HK university press. Page 26. ISBN 962-209-612-3
Bray, Mark. Koo, Ramsey. [2005] (2005) Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macao: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change. Hong Kong: Springer Press. ISBN 1-4020-3405-9
HK Gov. “HK Gov Archived 6 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine..” Taxi Annual Traffic report. Retrieved on 23 February 2007.
, Lui, Tai-lok. Lü, Dale. [2001] (2001). Light the Darkness: The Story of the Hong Kong Red Cross, 1950-2000. Hong Kong: HK university press. ISBN 962-209-530-5

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香港的1950年代在中華民國二戰勝利及國共內戰的背景下展開。中華民國政府一度在聯合國上要求收回香港,但礙於國共內戰已經開始,中國國民政府又沒取得美國支持,無力向英國政府取回香港。1949年後,国民党政府退守台灣,數以萬計的人為了逃避新成立的共產黨政府從中國大陸逃到香港[1]。香港人口於是由1947年的175至180萬,增加至1951年的201萬[1][2]。新移民提供了廉價勞動力,更重要的是把技術和資金帶來香港。因共產黨推行公私合营政策公私合营,进而实行完全的國有化政策,不少公司把辦事處從中國各大城市搬到香港。這些都為香港經濟迅速發展創造條件;朝鲜战争期間,聯合國宣佈向大陸實施禁運,本來依賴轉口業的香港搖身一變成為製造業中心。

背景
1955年的銅鑼灣

1949年,中國共產黨奪得中國大陸政權,香港有被入侵之虞。英國政府因為對於柏林危機及共產政權的對抗態度記憶猶新,所以決意保持香港作為資本主義在共產勢力中的橋頭堡。再者,香港是中國的南大門,是重要的貿易中心。英國冀望藉此跟北京新政權展開貿易。面對歐洲與亞洲的共產威脅,特別是馬來亞危機,英國不戰而把香港交給中國,亦顯得懦弱。於是,英國加強香港駐軍,並制定撤退到澳洲的計劃。[3]另一方面,中国人民解放軍受命停止向深圳-廣州邊界推進,香港得以維持英國殖民地的地位。

英國國會曾經討論,若香港不能維持轉口港地位,應否讓中國取回香港。[4] 這件事引起了香港居民不滿,後來香港轉變成為製造業中心。
社會
人口統計
主条目:香港人口

戰後的1950年代,大量赤貧的人沒有工作,亦缺乏天然資源。當大量難民從中國大陸湧入,人口問題變得更複雜。[5]1949年,中華人民共和國成立,這時,難民以每月十萬人的速度逃亡到香港。到1950年代中期,香港人口激增至220萬。直至1956年,香港成了世界上人口密度最高的地方之一。[6]
房屋及建築
石硤尾邨美荷樓,典型「H」形7層徙置大廈
主条目:香港公共房屋

1953年,聖誕夜九龍深水埗區的石硤尾發生石硤尾寮屋區大火,58,203名災民無家可歸[7]。港督葛量洪制定緊急房屋計劃。當時,香港政府為了儘快為災民提供安身之所,火速在原址附近興建徙置大廈。徙置大廈,由三合土所建成,結構比寮屋堅固,防火防滲漏,設有基本消防設施,每幢樓高七層,可容納2500人。每層中間設有公共廁所與浴室。每個單位卻缺乏間隔及廚房,市民要在單位外的公共走廊做飯。此後,政府又在香港島及九龍各處興建黃大仙、老虎岩、長沙灣李鄭屋等徙置區,讓居所簡陋、衛生環境較差的寮屋居民入住。自此,香港政府大量建造公營房屋,每人的居住空間為24平方呎。 [8] 另一方面,1955年當政府在李鄭屋村興建徙置大廈時,無意發現了一個東漢墓穴,被稱為李鄭屋漢墓。此外,於1957年入伙的北角邨,在當時的香港公共房屋設計上作出很多突破,包括每戶均有獨立廚房及廁所,並設有升降機。

由於高樓節省土地,此後亦成了建築趨勢。其中由香港著名商人霍英東於1955年落成,位於香港島銅鑼灣利園山的蟾宮大廈,為一座樓高17層的住宅大廈,成為當時香港最高的建築物。蟾宮大廈是他旗下「霍興業堂置業」的物業,他首創賣樓花的方式發售單位,奠下了香港地產發展商其後賣樓花的基礎。[9]
交通
主条目:香港交通
1952年,九廣鐵路尖沙咀站

雖然受中國大陸政權變更,導致九廣鐵路來往廣州的直通車於1949年末縮短至羅湖,但九廣鐵路英段的服務仍繼續改善。1955年9月5日,2輛柴油機車開始投入九廣鐵路英段的服務,至1950年代末期,大部份蒸氣機車已被取代。另一方面,隨著香港人口增長,對交通的需求大增,其他公共交通工具亦相應作出改善。九巴於1953年9月在新界各處設置巴士站牌,而中巴則於1950年代期間在巴士上引進了乳膠座椅。1958年,中環天星碼頭搬往愛丁堡廣場碼頭,成為當時中環的著名地標之一。另一方面,香港的士發展也相當迅速,由1947年初辦時的329輛,增加至1959年的851輛[10]。

然而,中國大陸政權的變更,嚴重影響當時香港兩間航空公司之一的香港航空。香港航空原持有前往香港以北城市的專營權,但大陸易幟後跟香港斷航,失去多條主要航線,經營變得困難,最後於1958年被太古洋行旗下的國泰航空收購,令國泰航空在其後的27年成為唯一本地航空公司。

道路規劃方面,港府於1955年起曾研究維多利亞港研究興建跨海大橋或海底隧道的方案,但主要基於成本上的考慮,當時並未有正式落實。
法律與治安

雖然國共內戰的結果大致落定,但支持中國共產黨的左派以及支持中國國民黨的右派在香港繼續角力。1950年上旬,安置了中华民国国军的退役老兵和家眷的香港岛摩星岭公民村,被一群左派学生挑衅,最后更演变成流血冲突。结果香港政府于1950年6月把这群老兵和家眷迁往新界东南部的调景岭

及後於1956年10月10日,右派工會策動大規模破壞活動。雖然表面上原因是低工資、工時長、擁擠環境,但連日卻搗亂300多家左派報館、學校、工廠、商店、工會,並放火焚燒商店、推翻汽車封鎖道路導致交通癱瘓,軍警四出搶掠導致300人死傷,稱「雙十暴動」,港督葛量洪派遣軍警搜捕暴徒才告流血衝突。 雖然加強了法律管制,打擊了三合會的發展,但是50年代的大部分社會問題都跟香港境內的國共兩派有關。英國政府懼怕共產黨分子激起反英情緒,因此向倫敦提倡反共政策。[8]
旗幟與徽章
主条目:香港旗和香港盾徽

香港的旗幟與徽章在1950年代出現了重大的修改,一直沿用到1997年香港主權移交為止。1959年1月21日,倫敦英國紋章院把新的徽章授予香港,同年7月27日,香港以此為旗幟設計。旗幟上徽章易為白色圓形襯托的香港盾徽。徽章上由代表英國的獅子和代表中國的龍共同手執盾牌,盾牌底部畫有兩艘帆船、頂部是英國皇家海軍皇冠的圖案。另一隻獅子直立於盾牌上,手持一顆明珠,盾牌下橫放著綴有英文「HONG KONG」字樣的帶條。
醫院及醫療
香港紅十字會標誌

為應付大量難民的需要,英國紅十字會在1950年7月12日在成立第一個香港分部,即今天的香港紅十字會。[11]他們在荔枝角醫院開始並開始提供「病人關注服務」。捐血服務始於1952年,首年已有483名市民參與。1953年,他們開始賑災服務,是為了服務石硤尾大火中的災民。[12][13]1957年,香港政府成立了香港旅遊協會。[14]
災害

本年代災害以1956年雙十暴動最嚴重,釀成60死300傷。緊隨其後的為1957年廣東道木樓大火,導致59死10傷。1959年暴雨成災,引致46死21失蹤60傷。1955年則發生嚴重山洪暴發,28人喪生。1951年畢拿山空難,26人罹難。1957年亦暴雨成災,造成25死8失蹤。1951年石澳空難,16人身亡。1954年,大埔錦山村大火燒死14、燒傷8人。1953年建築中唐樓倒塌,13死21傷。1950年元朗大火與1951年九龍仔山泥傾瀉事故同樣奪去12人性命。

另外,由於大量中國大陸人口移入,香港的木屋迅速增多,大型火災頻生。1951年11月,九龍城東頭村大火燒毀木屋5000多間,災民20000多人,1953年12月25日的石硤尾大火受災面積更達45畝,毀木屋7000間,災民60000多人。其後1954年亦有大坑東木屋區大火;1955年有石湖墟大火、九龍花墟村大火、銅鑼灣馬山木屋大火等。
女性地位

1949年,警隊首次招募女警。1951年,十名女警畢業,編入各區刑事偵緝部,香港首次有女性執行文書工作以外的治安工作。1957年6月,東華三院的護士發起集會,要求廢除女性婚後停用的規定。

除此之外,當時的電影也不乏反映出女性在社會上遭遇到的問題、女性意識的覺醒、以至她們勇敢反抗的故事,例如朱石麟導演的《各有千秋》、《新寡》,長城出品的《我是一個女人》等。
文化
生活方式
主条目:香港飲食文化
粵劇

日治時期結束後初期,政府壟斷了食物及原材料的採購和分發,包括了米、棉線。政府的價格管制到了1953年才取消。1955年,為了穩定食米供應、防止囤積居奇,香港開始實施食米管制方案。[15]這個時期的生活可以總結為「資源匱乏,人口激增」。不少中國大陸居民逃亡到香港,在山邊及大廈天台興建非法寮屋。[16] 結合了大陸不同宗族及香港原居民,一個充斥不同方言的社會順應而生。來自不同省份的人在香港建立自己的宗親會聯繫鄉里,亦帶來家鄉特色的飲食文化。
教育
主条目:香港教育史

受日治時期的校舍破壞及國共內戰的難民潮影響,令學校數目和學額遠遠供不應求,香港出現嚴重的失學問題。政府於1950年擬定了「十年建校計劃」,希望在十年內提供足夠的學位收容適齡的小學兒童和希望升讀中學的學生。但這項計劃因受到中國大陸政權的變更而無法適應[17]。1951年12月,政府發表了《菲沙報告書》,當中的建議包括加強對教育的控制和管理、大力推行英文教學,以及發展小學和師範教育等。在1955年8月開始推行《小學擴展的七年計劃》,包括建立五間官立小學,大量增加小學學位[18]。另一方面,當時港府在徙置大廈的天台上設立的天台小學,也是當時小學學位的來源之一。相反,專上教育的發展相當有限。1951年,港督葛量洪委任賈士域(Keswick)就香港高等教育作出研究報告,當時的結果是不主張另設一所新的中文大學。雖然1950年代香港開始出現一些專上學院,如1956年開辦的香港浸會學院,但這些學院的功能並不能與大學相提並論。至1959年,港督柏立基邀請富爾敦(J. S. Fulton)來港考察,並建議香港大學開設中文部,但被港大拒絕。

縱使政府會向香港出生的市民提供教育及房屋,但對於第一批因國共內戰而來港難民,由於政府認為他們遲早會返回中國大陸,故只提供臨時避護。當時的教育及醫療保健估計僅佔政府支出的9%。[19]課程方面,由於灌輸的思想強調香港是中英貿易的中間人,這使學生對香港及中國沒有歸屬感,也缺乏國家觀念。[16].

一份內部政府文件指出,34所市區學校被列為受共產黨員控制,當中24所位於新界。另外32所學校受到左翼份子控制,譬如職員及教師。一項新法例在1952年通過,授權政府關閉被視為有強烈政治色彩的學校。[20]當時難民大多向基督教堂尋求教育及社會服務。
娛樂

粵劇、粵曲、粵語電影、國語電影、電台節目成了香港市民最大娛樂。電台方面,香港商業電台於1959年8月26日正式開台,成為繼香港電台及香港麗的呼聲後第三間電台。當時的電台節目多以廣播劇為主,其中李我的《天空小說》曾風靡一時。

另一方面,當時中國大陸藝術家逃到香港,為香港的藝術貢獻良多。他們把傳統粵劇從舞台表演搬上戲院的大銀幕。粵劇電影像雨後春荀般百花齊放。譬如:《黃飛鴻傳》在50年代陸續拍了60多部。又例如,戰後南來的電影工作者朱石麟為了香港培養了不少編、導、演的人才。[21]

1957年5月29日,香港麗的呼聲以400萬港元資本創辦「麗的映聲」(亞洲電視前身),提供有線電視廣播。這不單只是香港第一個電視台,更是全球華人地區第一個電視台。不過,電視在1950年代的香港仍處於起步階段,並未開始普及起來。
經濟
1950年的香港天文台總部
工業

1951年韓戰爆發,由於中國派遣人民志願願軍支援北韓,聯合國宣佈向中國實施禁運,使香港不能再依賴作為轉口港支持經濟,很多物資也需要自給自足。適逢當時不少逃離中國大陸的人士都是具有一定資本的工業家,加上其他難民可以作為廉價的勞動力,使香港工業的發展開始迅速發展。

1953年的兩個填海工程為香港增加300萬平方呎的土地。第一個填海工程是為了建設啟德機場的跑道。額外的土地使觀塘及荃灣變成工業中心。[19]早期工業中心在狹窄地方製造有不少按鈕、人造花、雨具、成衣及鞋子等商品。
金融
1955年的中環

當時銀行不受政府監管。香港也沒有中央銀行或金融政策。縱使未能應付快速發展經濟帶來的融資問題,政府也不願意監管香港證券交易所。製造商常常因為缺乏投資渠道而投訴。[19]境內外的壓力最終促使香港制訂相關政策。

参考文献

Time Line, Hong Kong Journal
Hong Kong Population History, Wendell Cox Consultancy
BBC – WW2 People’s War – Evacuation from Hong Kong
Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong – Volume Three. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 5. ISBN Volume Three 962-7283-61-4
Walters, Alan Arthur. Walter, James. Hanke, Steve. [1998] (1998). The Revolution in Development Economics. Cato Institute Publishing. ISBN 978-1882577552
Chan, Shun-hing. Leung, Beatrice. [2003] (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950-2000. Hong Kong: HK university press. Page 24. ISBN 962-2096123
(繁体中文)災民登記辦理完竣. 工商日報第五頁. 1953年12月31日.
Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong – Volume Three. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 7. ISBN Volume Three 962-7283-61-4
《首創賣樓花籌資金起樓》 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2007-03-11.,載《香港蘋果日報》,2006年10月29日
HK Gov. “HK Gov 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2007-03-06..” Taxi Annual Traffic report. Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
香港紅十字會:簡史 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2006-10-10.
Lui, Tai-lok (2001). Light the Darkness: The Story of the Hong Kong Red Cross, 1950-2000. Hong Kong: HK university press. ISBN 962-2095305
中國文化研究院:《一起走過的日子:木屋大火》,存取於2007年2月22日。
香港旅遊發展局網站:〈有關香港旅遊發展局〉,存取於2007年2月22日。
香港立法會貿易及工業事務委員會:2000年3月6日會議紀要,CB(1) 1511/99-00 號文件。
Ma, Eric Kit-wai. Ma, Chieh-Wei. [1999] (1999). Culture, Politics, and Television in Hong Kong. United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 041517998X
王齊樂:《香港中文教育發展史》,第340頁,香港三聯書店,1996年。 ISBN 962-04-1337-7
同上書,第342頁和344頁。
Schenk, Catherine Ruth. [2001] (2001). Hong Kong as an International Financial Centre: Emergence and Development, 1945-1965. United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 0415205832
Chan, Shun-hing. Leung, Beatrice. [2003] (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950-2000. Hong Kong: HK university press. Page 26. ISBN 962-2096123
香港電影資料館:香港影片大全第四卷(1953-1959) 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2007-09-30.

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